100 REM Program 'ATOM102.BAS' introduces the user to basic atomic physics. 110 REM Worked examples are from COLLEGE PHYSICS, Serway & Faughn, 1992. All 120 REM variables = double precision except I*. R. B. Minton, 09/12/2004. 130 DEFDBL A-H: DEFDBL J-Z: REM I=SINGLE, REST=DOUBLE 140 DEF FNA(X)=INT(X*10+.5)/10: REM ROUND TO 1 DECIMAL PLACE 150 DEF FNB(X)=INT(X*100+.5)/100: REM ROUND TO 2 DECIMAL PLACES 160 DEF FNC(X)=INT(X*1000+.5)/1000: REM ROUND TO 3 DECIMAL PLACES 170 DEF FND(X)=INT(X*10000+.5)/10000: REM ROUND TO 4 DECIMAL PLACES 180 DEF FNE(X)=INT(X*100000!+.5)/100000!: REM ROUND TO 5 DECIMAL PLACES 190 DEF FNF(X)=INT(X*1000000!+.5)/1000000!: REM ROUND TO 6 DECIMAL PLACES 200 DEF FNG(X)=LOG(X)/(LOG(10#)): REM LOG BASE 10(X) 210 DEF FNH(X)=LOG(X)/(LOG(E)): REM LOG BASE E(X) [NATURAL LOG] 220 DEF FNJ(X)=X*C*C: REM ENERGY = MC^2 (JOULES) 230 DEF FNM(X)=X*C*C*6241455000000#: REM ENERGY = MC^2 (MeV) 240 DEF FNY(X)=ATN(X/SQR(1#-(X*X))): REM ASIN(X) 250 DEF FNZ(X)=ATN(SQR(1#-(X*X))/X): REM ACOS(X) 260 DIM M$(25): REM 1 SCREEN OF INFO LINES 270 DIM F$(25): REM FORMATS AND PROMPTS 280 DIM GA$(24): REM GREEK ALPHABET 290 DATA "Alpha ","Beta ","Gamma ","Delta ","Epsilon","Zeta ","Eta " 300 DATA "Theta ","Iota ","Kappa ","Lambda ","Mu ","Nu ","Xi " 310 DATA "Omicron","Pi ","Rho ","Sigma ","Tau ","Upsilon","Phi " 320 DATA "Chi ","Psi ","Omega " 330 FOR I=1 TO 24: READ GA$(I): NEXT I 340 REM ----------- IDENTIFY PARTICLE'S MAJOR AND SUB-CATEGORIES ------------ 350 ICA=3: DIM MC$(ICA): REM MAJOR CATEGORIES 360 DATA " Photon"," Lepton"," Hadron" 370 FOR I=1 TO ICA: READ MC$(I): NEXT I 380 ISC=3: DIM SC$(ISC): REM SUB-CATEGORIES 390 DATA " "," Meson"," Baryon" 400 FOR I=1 TO ISC: READ SC$(I): NEXT I 410 IPPI=14: REM NUMBER OF PARTICLES 420 DIM PNA$(IPPI),CA(IPPI),SC(IPPI),CHG(IPPI) 430 DIM MEE(IPPI),MUU(IPPI),MKG(IPPI),MEV(IPPI) 440 REM ----------- READ SOME DATA ON PARTICLES (MASS=REST MASS) ------------ 450 REM (CA IS CATEGORY, SC IS SUB-CATEGORY, AND CH IS CHARGE) 460 REM NAME CA SC CH MASS(xE-) MASS (U) MASS (KG) MASS (MeV) 470 DATA " Proton", 3, 3,+1, 1836.10000, 1.0072760, 1.67265D-27, 938.280 480 DATA " Electron", 2, 1,-1, 1.00000, 0.0005486, 9.10900D-31, 000.511 490 DATA " Muon", 2, 1,-1, 206.80000, 0.1134505, 1.88374D-28, 105.700 500 DATA " Tau", 2, 1,-1, 3491.10000, 1.9151850, 3.18029D-27, 1784.000 510 DATA " Pion", 3, 2,-1, 273.20000, 0.1498755, 2.48858D-28, 139.639 520 DATA " Pi^0", 3, 2, 0, 264.32000, 0.1450000, 2.40769D-28, 135.100 530 DATA " Kaon", 3, 2, 0, 966.10000, 0.5300000, 8.80108D-28, 493.700 540 DATA " Neutron", 3, 3, 0, 1838.60000, 1.0086650, 1.67495D-27, 939.570 550 DATA " Lambda", 3, 3,+1, 2183.10000, 1.1976350, 1.98875D-27, 1115.600 560 DATA " Sigma", 3, 3,+1, 2327.50000, 1.2768620, 2.12032D-27, 1189.400 570 DATA " Xi", 3, 3,-1, 2585.00000, 1.4181390, 2.35492D-27, 1321.000 580 DATA " Omega", 3, 3,-1, 3271.90000, 1.7949500, 2.98064D-27, 1672.000 590 DATA " Neutrino", 2, 1, 0, 0. , 0. , 0. , 0.000 600 DATA " Photon", 1, 1, 0, 0. , 0. , 0. , 0.000 610 REM --------------------------------------------------------------------- 620 FOR I=1 TO IPPI: REM READ THE PARTICLE DATA 630 READ PNA$(I),CA(I),SC(I),CHG(I),MEE(I),MUU(I),MKG(I),MEV(I) 640 NEXT I 650 REM ----------- DEFINE SOME CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS ------------ 660 REM THE ARITHMETIC OVERFLOW VALUE BELOW RESULTS WITH A DIVISION BY ZERO ! 670 AO=1.7014D+38: REM ARITHMETIC OVERFLOW VALUE 680 PI=4#*ATN(1#): REM PI=3.141592653589793 690 RAD=180#/PI: REM RADIAN=57.29577951308232 700 C=299792458#: REM SPEED OF LIGHT (M/SEC) 710 MUO=1.256637061435917D-06: REM PERMEABILITY OF FREE SPACE 720 EOH=8.841941282883074D-12: REM PERMITTIVITY OF FREE SPACE 730 E=2.7182818459045#: REM VALUE OF E 740 NM=.000000001#: REM RATIO NANOMETER / METER 750 NRC=.0000000000000012#: REM NUCLEAR RADIUS CONSTANT 760 EV=1.60217733D-19: REM ELECTRON VOLT, JOULES 770 EM=9.1093897D-31: REM ELECTRON MASS, KG 780 AMU=1.6605402D-27: REM ATOMIC MASS UNIT, KG 790 JKG=8.987551787368177D+16: REM JOULES PER KILOGRAM 800 AN=6.0221367D+23: REM AVOGADRO'S NUMBER 810 COU=6.25D+18: REM COULOMB CONSTANT, N*M^2/C^2 820 PC=6.6260755D-34: REM PLANCK'S CONSTANT, J/SEC 830 BR=5.29177249D-11: REM BOHR RADIUS, METERS 840 BU$=" ": REM BLANKS TO CENTER SCREEN 850 FC$=" . . . . Enter to Continue " 860 FR$=" . . . . Enter R to Return, or to Continue " 870 KEY OFF: CLS 880 REM CONTINUE 890 REM --------------------------------------------------------------------- 900 REM CONVERT KILOGRAMS TO MeV FOR PROTONS, NEUTRONS, & ELECTRONS 910 REM --------------------------------------------------------------------- 920 H1$="Particle Conversion Test - Convert mass in kilograms to mass in MeV: " 930 H2$="Subatomic Particle Category Published Published Computed " 940 H3$=" Particle Category Sub-type Mass (KG) Mass (MeV) Mass (MeV)" 950 H4$="--------- -------- -------- ----------- ----------- ----------" 960 F1$="& & & ##.#####^^^^ ##.#####^^^^ ##.#####^^^^" 970 H1$=BU$+H1$: H2$=BU$+H2$: H3$=BU$+H3$: H4$=BU$+H4$: F1$=BU$+F1$ 980 PRINT H1$:PRINT:PRINT H2$:PRINT H3$:PRINT H4$ 990 FOR I=1 TO IPPI 1000 TMP=FNE(FNM(MKG(I))) 1010 IJ=CA(I) 1020 IK=SC(I) 1030 S1$=MC$(IJ) 1040 S2$=SC$(IK) 1050 PRINT USING F1$;PNA$(I);S1$;S2$;MKG(I);MEV(I);TMP 1060 NEXT I 1070 PRINT FC$;:INPUT;CR$:CLS 1080 M$(1) ="------------------------------------------------------------------" 1090 M$(2) =" Carbon Dating " 1100 M$(3) ="------------------------------------------------------------------" 1110 M$(4) ="Cosmic rays create radioactive carbon-14 fron nitrogen-14. C-14 " 1120 M$(5) ="decays into C-12. Living matter has a constant ratio of C-14 / " 1130 M$(6) ="C-12 (1.3x10^-12). Once the organisim dies, the ratio gets small-" 1140 M$(7) ="er as the C-14 decays. The sample is usually burned to create CO2" 1150 M$(8) ="which is reduced to graphite, accurately weighed and counted. " 1160 M$(9) ="------------------------- Other Facts ----------------------------" 1170 M$(10)="1) Carbon dating becomes inaccurate beyond 40,000 years. " 1180 M$(11)="2) The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years, and it decays via " 1190 M$(12)=" beta decay into a 0.156 MeV electron and an antineutrino. " 1200 M$(13)="3) This electron energy will penetrate about 3 mm of aluminum. " 1210 M$(14)="4) 1 gram of new carbon has 15 decays/min. or 21,600 decays/day. " 1220 M$(15)=" This constant is the carbon-14 baseline decay/min-gram. " 1230 M$(16)="-------------------- Sample Input & Output -----------------------" 1240 M$(17)="Input: Total weight of sample = 100 grams " 1250 M$(18)=" Total count in 1 day = 144,000 " 1260 M$(19)="Output: Age of sample (years) = 22,386 " 1270 M$(20)="------------------------------------------------------------------" 1280 FOR I=1 TO 20: M$(I)=BU$+M$(I): NEXT I: REM CENTER TEXT IN SCREEN AREA 1290 FOR I=1 TO 20: PRINT M$(I): NEXT I: REM PRINT TEXT 1300 LAM=-.00000000023#: REM CARBON-14 DECAY CONSTANT 1310 CFB=15#: REM CARBON-14 BASE DECAY/MIN-G 1320 REM CONTINUE 1330 PRINT:PRINT BU$;:INPUT"Enter total weight of carbon sample (G):";TCW 1340 PRINT:PRINT BU$;:INPUT"Enter decays/day for entire sample :";DPD 1350 PRINT 1360 DPM=FNF(DPD/1440): REM DECAYS/MIN-TOTAL GRAMS 1370 DMG=FNF(DPM/TCW): REM DECAYS/MIN-GRAM 1380 RZR=CFB*TCW: REM R-ZERO FOR TOTAL GRAMS 1390 RAT=DPM/RZR: REM RATIO R-CURRENT TO R-0 1400 LNR=FNH(RAT): REM NATURAL LOG OF RATIO 1410 AMN=LNR/LAM: REM AGE IN MINUTES 1420 MPY=365.25*1440: REM MINUTES / YEAR 1430 AYR=FNA(AMN/MPY): REM AGE IN 1/10 YEARS 1440 PRINT BU$;:PRINT"Total sample weight (grams) : ";TCW 1450 PRINT BU$;:PRINT"Total count in 1 day (total sample) : ";DPD 1460 PRINT BU$;:PRINT"Total count in 1 day (for 1 gram) : ";FNF(DPD/TCW) 1470 PRINT BU$;:PRINT"Total count in 1 min. (for 1 gram) : ";DMG 1480 PRINT BU$;:PRINT"Carbon-14 decay constant : ";LAM 1490 PRINT BU$;:PRINT"Carbon-14 baseline decays/min-gram : ";CFB 1500 PRINT BU$;:PRINT"Count ratio (old / fresh sample) : ";FNF(RAT) 1510 PRINT BU$;:PRINT"Age of sample (years) : ";AYR 1520 PRINT FR$;:INPUT;CR$ 1530 IF CR$="R" THEN GOTO 1320 1540 CLS 1550 H1$="--------------------------------------------------------------------" 1560 H2$=" Use Mass # (A) to Compute Nuclear Radius, Volume, and Density " 1570 H3$=" (Data is computed for mass numbers (A =[N+P] of 1 to 263) " 1580 H4$=" (Note that the density is about equal to a neutron star) " 1590 H5$="--------------------------------------------------------------------" 1600 H6$=" Table of Nuclear Mass #, & Approx. Radius, Volume, and Density" 1610 H7$=" " 1620 H8$=" Mass # Radius (M) Vol(M^3x1E30) Density (KG/M^3) " 1630 H9$=" ------ ---------- ------------- ---------------- " 1640 F1$=" ### ##.###^^^^ ##.###^^^^ ##.###^^^^" 1650 H1$=BU$+H1$:H2$=BU$+H2$:H3$=BU$+H3$:H4$=BU$+H4$:H5$=BU$+H5$ 1660 H6$=BU$+H6$:H7$=BU$+H7$:H8$=BU$+H8$:H9$=BU$+H9$:F1$=BU$+F1$ 1670 F2$=BU$+" . . . . Enter to see more nuclei " 1680 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT H1$:PRINT H2$:PRINT H3$:PRINT H4$:PRINT H5$ 1690 PRINT H6$:PRINT H7$:PRINT H8$:II=8: REM II IS A LINE COUNTER 1700 FOR I=1 TO 263: REM ------- MRN REQ'D BECAUSE RN^3 COMPUTED AS 0 ------- 1710 A=I: II=II+1: REM A IS ATOMIC MASS (P+N) 1720 IF II>20 THEN PRINT H6$:PRINT H7$:PRINT H8$: II=3 1730 RN=NRC*(A^(1#/3#)): REM RADIUS OF NUCLEUS 1740 MRN=1E+10*RN: REM INCREASE SIZE BY 1E+10 1750 VOL=(4#/3#)*PI*(MRN*MRN*MRN): REM VOLUME OF NUCLEUS 1760 RHO=(A*(1.67D-27)/VOL)*1E+30: REM DENSITY OF NUCLUES 1770 PRINT USING F1$;I;RN;VOL;RHO: REM PRINT A LINE OF DATA 1780 IF I=1 THEN NUC1=RN: REM GET SMALLEST NUCLEUS 1790 IF I=263 THEN NUC263=RN: REM GET LARGEST NUCLEUS 1800 REM IF II=20 THEN PRINT"( 'REM' To see more nuclei)":GOTO 1560 1810 IF II=20 THEN PRINT: PRINT F2$;: INPUT CR$: PRINT 1820 NEXT I 1830 RAT=FNB(NUC263/NUC1): REM RATIO OF RADII 1840 PRINT:PRINT" Ratio of atomic mass 263/1 radii = ";RAT;"to 1" 1850 REM CONTINUE 1860 PRINT FC$;:INPUT;CR$ 1870 REM CONTINUE 1880 CLS 1890 H1$="-------------------------------------------------------------------" 1900 H2$=" Compute Binding Energies Using the LIQUID-DROP MODEL (Bohr '36) " 1910 H3$=" 1: Model works best with values of 'A'(P+N)>15; 'Z'=Protons. " 1920 H4$=" 2: Enter + to exit this section. " 1930 H5$="-------------------------------------------------------------------" 1940 REM GET BINDING ENERGY VOLUME EFFECTS, SURFACE EFFECTS, & COULOMB EFFECTS 1950 LDV=15.7: REM LIQUID-DROP COEFF., VOLUME 1960 LDS=17.8: REM LIQUID-DROP COEFF., SURFACE 1970 LDC=.71: REM LIQUID-DROP COEFF., COULOMB 1980 H1$=BU$+H1$:H2$=BU$+H2$:H3$=BU$+H3$:H4$=BU$+H4$:H5$=BU$+H5$ 1990 PRINT H1$:PRINT H2$:PRINT H3$:PRINT H4$:PRINT H5$:PRINT 2000 REM CONTINUE 2010 INPUT" Enter Mass # (A=P+N) for Atom: ";A 2020 INPUT" Enter Atomic # (Z=P) for Atom: ";Z 2030 IF (A+Z)=0 THEN GOTO 2180: REM ENTER 0,0 TO EXIT 2040 EVOL=LDV*A: REM VALUE FOR VOLUME (MeV) 2050 ESUR=LDS*(A^(2#/3#)): REM VALUE FOR SURFACE (MeV) 2060 ECOU=LDC*((Z*(Z-1))/(A^(1#/3#))): REM VALUE FOR COULOMB (MeV) 2070 TBE=EVOL-ESUR-ECOU: REM TOTAL BINDING ENERGY (MeV) 2080 F1$=BU$+" Volume effect = + #####.### MeV" 2090 F2$=BU$+" Surface effect = - #####.### MeV" 2100 F3$=BU$+" Coulomb effect = - #####.### MeV" 2110 F4$=BU$+"Total Binding Energy = + #####.### MeV" 2120 PRINT USING F1$;EVOL 2130 PRINT USING F2$;ESUR 2140 PRINT USING F3$;ECOU 2150 PRINT USING F4$;TBE 2160 PRINT BU$+"---------------------------------------" 2170 GOTO 2000: REM COMPUTE ANOTHER B.E. 2180 REM CONTINUE 2190 PRINT FC$;:INPUT;CR$:CLS 2200 M$(1) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 2210 M$(2) =" Magnetism, Electric Fields, and Charged Particles " 2220 M$(3) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 2230 M$(4) ="(1) The direction of the magnetic field B is the direction that " 2240 M$(5) ="the North Pole of a compass needle points: " 2250 M$(6) =" / / -> - - B - -> - -B- -> - \ \ --> is the direction of" 2260 M$(7) =" / B / -> - - B - -> - -B- -> - \ B \ the magnetic field B. " 2270 M$(8) =" / / / <----------------< \ \ \ " 2280 M$(9) =" | B | <-- < N (magnet) S < <-- | B | It goes IN the SOUTH " 2290 M$(10)=" \ \ \ <----------------< / / / pole of the magnet, & " 2300 M$(11)=" \ B \ -> - - B - -> - -B- -> - / B / OUT the NORTH pole. " 2310 M$(12)=" \ \ -> - - B - -> - -B- -> - / / " 2320 M$(13)="(2) The Earth's NORTH GEOGRAPHIC POLE is the MAGNETIC SOUTH POLE," 2330 M$(14)="and magnetic field lines (B) go into the ground near the Arctic. " 2340 M$(15)="(3) Stationary charged particles DO NOT MOVE in a static B field." 2350 M$(16)="(4) Coulomb's Law: F=k*(|q1|*|q2|)/(r*r);[k=8.9875e+9, P=1.6e-19]" 2360 M$(17)="(5) Electric field: E=k*(|q|/(r*r)); [k=8.9875e+9, e- =-1.6e-19]" 2370 M$(18)="(6) Electric flux: Phi=EA where E=field, A=area (cos A if incl.) " 2380 M$(19)="(7) 1 eV = 1.6e-19 Coulomb * Volts = 1.6e-19 Joules; (v=velocity)" 2390 M$(20)="(8) PE=KE=.5*m*v*v & PE=qV=k*(q1*q2)/r12; [r12=distance q1 to q2]" 2400 FOR I=1 TO 20: PRINT BU$+M$(I): NEXT I 2410 PRINT FC$;:INPUT;CR$:CLS 2420 M$(1) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 2430 M$(2) ="The RIGHT-HAND RULE: Shows the direction of force on a particle " 2440 M$(3) ="when it moves perpendicular to a magnetic field. " 2450 M$(4) =" ---------------------- " 2460 M$(5) =" Symbols: B (magnetic field lines UP) " 2470 M$(6) =" ---------------------- . " 2480 M$(7) =" <---<< Magnetic field . F (force is BACK " 2490 M$(8) =" is going left . . if - particle) " 2500 M$(9) =" o Mag. field to- . . " 2510 M$(10)=" wards observer . . " 2520 M$(11)=" x Mag. field goes . . . . . v (particle moving " 2530 M$(12)=" away from ob- . to the RIGHT) " 2540 M$(13)=" server . " 2550 M$(14)=" . " 2560 M$(15)=" F (force is OUT " 2570 M$(16)=" if + particle) " 2580 M$(17)="If your thumb is the direction of motion v of a positive particle" 2590 M$(18)="and your four fingers point in the B direction, the force is out " 2600 M$(19)="from your palm. Reverse the direction F for a negative charge. " 2610 M$(20)="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 2620 FOR I=1 TO 20: PRINT BU$+M$(I): NEXT I 2630 PRINT FC$;:INPUT;CR$:CLS 2640 REM --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2650 REM USE SCREEN DRAWING COMMANDS TO SHOW CURVATURE OF CHARGED PARTICLE 2660 REM --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2670 REM CONTINUE 2680 HSP=640-1: VSP=200-1: KEY OFF: SCREEN 2 2690 VIEW SCREEN (0,0)-(HSP,VSP): TB=10:BB=40:LB=94:RB=72 2700 NHP=HSP-(LB+RB): NVP=VSP-(TB+BB) 2710 LINE (LB,TB+13)-(HSP-RB,VSP-BB-2),,B 2720 CX=LB+(NHP/2): CY=TB+(NVP/2): CR=120 2730 FOR IROW=3 TO 20 STEP 5 2740 FOR ICOL=15 TO 70 STEP 10 2750 LOCATE IROW+1,ICOL+2: PRINT "x" 2760 NEXT ICOL 2770 NEXT IROW 2780 REM 2790 CIRCLE (CX,CY),CR 2800 LINE (331,35)-(331,135),3,,&HAAAA 2810 LINE (211,84)-(451,84),3,,&HAAAA 2820 TA$="E6": TB$="F6" 2830 T1$="When the velocity of a POSITIVE + charged particle is perpendicular " 2840 T2$="to a uniform magnetic field, the particle moves in a circle whose " 2850 T3$="plane is perpendicular to B in, or (x) directed into the screen. " 2860 T4$="The magnetic Force on the charge is always toward the center of the " 2870 T5$="circle. If the direction of the velocity is inclined to the magnetic" 2880 T6$="field, the path is a spiral (a helix) along the magnetic field lines." 2890 LOCATE 1,8:PRINT T1$:LOCATE 2,8:PRINT T2$:LOCATE 3,8:PRINT T3$ 2900 LOCATE 21,8:PRINT T4$:LOCATE 22,8:PRINT T5$:LOCATE 23,8:PRINT T6$ 2910 LOCATE 11,39: PRINT" Force ":LOCATE 6,60: PRINT"B(in)" 2920 DRAW "BM 331,35":DRAW "TA 0;XTA$;":DRAW "BM 331,35":DRAW "TA 0;XTB$;" 2930 DRAW "BM 330,35":DRAW "TA 0;XTA$;":DRAW "BM 330,35":DRAW "TA 0;XTB$;" 2940 DRAW "BM 211,84":DRAW "TA 90;XTA$;":DRAW "BM 211,84":DRAW "TA 90;XTB$;" 2950 DRAW "BM 331,135":DRAW "TA 180;XTA$;":DRAW "BM 331,135":DRAW "TA 180;XTB$;" 2960 DRAW "BM 332,135":DRAW "TA 180;XTA$;":DRAW "BM 332,135":DRAW "TA 180;XTB$;" 2970 DRAW "BM 451,84":DRAW "TA 270;XTA$;":DRAW "BM 451,84":DRAW "TA 270;XTB$;" 2980 DRAW "BM 442,135":DRAW "TA 180;XTA$;":DRAW "BM 442,135":DRAW "TA 180;XTB$;" 2990 DRAW "BM 443,135":DRAW "TA 180;XTA$;":DRAW "BM 443,135":DRAW "TA 180;XTB$;" 3000 LINE (332,135)-(442,135):LOCATE 17,59:PRINT"Velocity" 3010 LOCATE 24,8:PRINT FC$;:INPUT;CR$ 3020 SCREEN 0,0,0 3030 H1$="--------------------------------------------------------------------" 3040 H2$=" Compute the Energy and Velocity of an Electron in a TV tube " 3050 H3$=" 1: The relativistic mass increase is not calculated for " 3060 H4$=" the electron. Use the following section for this. " 3070 H5$="--------------------------------------------------------------------" 3080 F1$=BU$+"##.####^^^^" 3090 F2$=BU$+"Potential energy (Joules) = " 3100 F3$=BU$+"Potential energy (eV) = " 3110 F4$=BU$+"Potential energy (KG) = " 3120 F5$=BU$+"Velocity of electron (M/Sec) = " 3130 F6$=BU$+"Velocity of electron (% speed of light) = " 3140 PRINT BU$+H1$:PRINT BU$+H2$:PRINT BU$+H3$ 3150 PRINT BU$+H4$:PRINT BU$+H5$:PRINT 3160 REM CONTINUE 3170 INPUT" Enter the TV tube accelerating potential (Volts): ";TV: PRINT 3180 PE=TV*EV: ENEV=PE/EV: ENKG=PE/(C*C): VE=SQR(PE/(.5*EM)): VEP=100#*(VE/C) 3190 PRINT F2$;: PRINT USING F1$;PE 3200 PRINT F3$;: PRINT USING F1$;ENEV 3210 PRINT F4$;: PRINT USING F1$;ENKG 3220 PRINT F5$;: PRINT USING F1$;VE 3230 PRINT F6$;: PRINT USING F1$;VEP 3240 PRINT FR$;:INPUT;CR$ 3250 IF CR$="R" THEN GOTO 3160 3260 H1$="---------------------------------------------------------------------" 3270 H2$="Compute electron energy, velocity, & transit time in a Crooke's tube " 3280 H3$=" 1: This section computes the electron's relativistic mass gain. " 3290 H4$=" 2: A 25 cm long Crooke's tube can be purchased at some stores as " 3300 H5$=" a 12 VDC neon light stick that flashes to music. The red color " 3310 H6$=" has no phosphor coating and displays bands at a reduced voltage." 3320 H7$="---------------------------------------------------------------------" 3330 F1$=BU$+"Enter the Crooke's tube accelerating potential (DC Volts): " 3340 F2$=BU$+"Enter the Crooke's tube cathode to anode length (CM): " 3350 F3$="##.####^^^^" 3360 F4$=BU$+"Potential energy (Joules) = " 3370 F5$=BU$+"Potential energy (eV) = " 3380 F6$=BU$+"Potential energy (KG) = " 3390 F7$=BU$+"Velocity of electron (M/Sec) = " 3400 F8$=BU$+"Velocity of electron (% speed of light) = " 3410 F9$=BU$+"Rest mass of particle (KG) = " 3420 F10$=BU$+"Relativistic mass (KG) = " 3430 F11$=BU$+"Relativistic-rest mass (KG) = " 3440 F12$=BU$+"Percent gain in mass (%) = " 3450 F13$=BU$+"Electron transit time (Sec) = " 3460 F14$=BU$+"Does the tube exhibit periodic dark & light bands (Y or N) " 3470 PRINT:PRINT BU$+H1$:PRINT BU$+H2$:PRINT BU$+H3$:PRINT BU$+H4$ 3480 PRINT BU$+H5$:PRINT BU$+H6$:PRINT BU$+H7$:PRINT 3490 PRINT F1$;: INPUT CV: PRINT 3500 PRINT F2$;: INPUT CL: PRINT 3510 CL=CL/100#: PE=CV*EV: ENEV=PE/EV: ENKG=PE/(C*C): VE=SQR(PE/(.5*EM)) 3520 B=VE/C: VEP=100#*B: ETT=CL/VE: RMP=EM/(SQR(1#-(B*B))): RMR=RMP-EM 3530 PGM=100#*(RMR/EM) 3540 PRINT F4$;: PRINT USING F3$;PE: REM POTENTIAL ENERGY, Joules 3550 PRINT F5$;: PRINT USING F3$;ENEV: REM POTENTIAL ENERGY, eV 3560 PRINT F6$;: PRINT USING F3$;ENKG: REM POTENTIAL ENGERGY, KG 3570 PRINT F7$;: PRINT USING F3$;VE: REM VELOCITY ELECTRON, M/SEC 3580 PRINT F8$;: PRINT USING F3$;VEP: REM VEL. ELECTRON, % SPEED LIGHT 3590 PRINT F9$;: PRINT USING F3$;EM: REM REST MASS OF ELECTRON 3600 PRINT F10$;: PRINT USING F3$;RMP: REM RELATIVISTIC MASS 3610 PRINT F11$;: PRINT USING F3$;RMR: REM RELATIVISTIC-REST MASS 3620 PRINT F12$;: PRINT USING F3$;PGM: REM % GAIN IN MASS 3630 PRINT F13$;: PRINT USING F3$;ETT: REM ELECTRON TRANSIT TIME 3640 PRINT: PRINT F14$;: INPUT AN$ 3650 IF AN$="y" THEN AN$="Y" 3660 IF AN$="Y" THEN GOTO 3680 3670 GOTO 3920 3680 REM CONTINUE 3690 H1$="--------------------------------------------------------------------" 3700 H2$="Compute the frequency of possible radio-frequency emissions as may " 3710 H3$="be indicated by dark & light periodic bands in the Crook's tube. " 3720 H4$="The frequency is computed from the spacings & electron transit time." 3730 H5$="(The gas atoms may be rotating, vibrating, or it's electrons are " 3740 H6$="periodically excited - such that they are producing RF emissions. " 3750 H7$="--------------------------------------------------------------------" 3760 F1$=BU$+"Enter the periodic spacing (dark-dark or light-light, CM) " 3770 F2$=BU$+"Possible RF emission frequency (Hz) = " 3780 F3$=BU$+"Possible RF emission frequency (KHz) = " 3790 F4$=BU$+"Possible RF emission frequency (MHz) = " 3800 F5$=BU$+"Possible RF emission frequency (GHz) = " 3810 F6$="##.####^^^^" 3820 PRINT:PRINT BU$+H1$:PRINT BU$+H2$:PRINT BU$+H3$:PRINT BU$+H4$ 3830 PRINT BU$+H5$:PRINT BU$+H6$:PRINT BU$+H7$:PRINT 3840 REM CONTINUE 3850 PRINT F1$;: INPUT DDLL: PRINT 3860 DDLL=DDLL/100#: STT=ETT*(DDLL/CL): HZ=1#/STT: KHZ=HZ/1000! 3870 MHZ=KHZ/1000!: GHZ=MHZ/1000! 3880 PRINT F2$;: PRINT USING F6$;HZ 3890 PRINT F3$;: PRINT USING F6$;KHZ 3900 PRINT F4$;: PRINT USING F6$;MHZ 3910 PRINT F5$;: PRINT USING F6$;GHZ 3920 REM CONTINUE 3930 PRINT FR$;:INPUT;CR$ 3940 IF CR$="R" THEN GOTO 3840 3950 CLS 3960 M$(1) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 3970 M$(2) =" Three Particles Moving Perpendicular to a Magnetic Field " 3980 M$(3) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 3990 M$(4) =" 1: No user input is required for these calculations. " 4000 M$(5) =" 2: All 3 particles are moving at nearly the same velocity. " 4010 M$(6) =" 3: This illustrates how the radius of curvature (below) " 4020 M$(7) =" varies wildly with the particle's mass and charge. " 4030 M$(8) =" 4: The particle's mass & charge are temporary variables. " 4040 M$(9) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 4050 M$(10)="The following example solves for the velocities of an alpha par- " 4060 M$(11)="ticle, proton, and electron prior to entering a magnetic field. " 4070 M$(12)="They move into the field with a strength of 0.35 Tesla. The He++" 4080 M$(13)="has a radius of 28 cm, the p+ 14 cm, and e- 7.6E-3 cm (0.076 mm)." 4090 M$(14)="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 4100 FOR I=1 TO 14: PRINT BU$+M$(I): NEXT I: MAP=6.6952D-27: RAP=.28: RP=.14 4110 B=.35: QEP=1.6D-19: MP=1.67D-27: RE=.000076#: ME=9.11D-31: QAP=3.2044D-19 4120 VP=(QEP*B*RP)/MP: VE=(QEP*B*RE)/ME: VA=(QAP*B*RAP)/MAP: F1$="##.####^^^^" 4130 PRINT " Alpha particle velocity (M/Sec) =";: PRINT USING F1$;VA 4140 PRINT " Proton velocity (M/Sec) =";: PRINT USING F1$;VP 4150 PRINT " Electron velocity (M/Sec) =";: PRINT USING F1$;VE 4160 AC=(VA+VP+VE)/3#: AC=100#*(AC/C): AC=FNB(AC): PRINT 4170 PRINT " Average velocities (% speed of light) =";AC 4180 PRINT:PRINT FC$;:INPUT;CR$:CLS 4190 REM CONTINUE 4200 M$(1) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 4210 M$(2) ="Solve for Particle Velocity, Radius, B field, Mass; or Q (charge)" 4220 M$(3) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 4230 M$(4) ="The following interactive section solves for any of the above 5 " 4240 M$(5) ="parameters if the remaining are known. The user should enter 'V'" 4250 M$(6) ="for velocity, 'R' for orbit radius, 'B' for field strength, 'M' " 4260 M$(7) ="for mass; or 'Q' to calculate charge. Unless otherwise noted, " 4270 M$(8) ="enter data as KG, eV, Meters, Teslas, and M/Sec. 1 Tesla = 10^5 " 4280 M$(9) ="Gauss, and 1 Gauss = 10^5 Gamma. The Earth's field is ~0.5 G., a" 4290 M$(10)="strong magnet is ~100-1,000 G., a Chem Lab=~2-3T, & NucLab=~30T)." 4300 M$(11)="Note that a + or - is not required when entering particle charge!" 4310 M$(12)="------------ Particle, Charge, etc. Reference Data --------------" 4320 M$(13)="Particle Charge (J) Mass (KG) Speed of light, M/Sec: " 4330 M$(14)="Electron -1.6022D-19 9.1094D-31 1.00 C = 299792458 " 4340 M$(15)=" Neutron 0.0 1.6750D-27 0.99 C = 296794533 " 4350 M$(16)=" Proton +1.6022D-19 1.6727D-27 0.9 C = 269813212 " 4360 M$(17)=" Alpha +3.2044D-19 6.6954D-27 0.5 C = 149896229 " 4370 M$(18)=" Pion 1.6022D-19 2.4886D-28 0.1 C = 29979246 " 4380 M$(19)="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 4390 FOR I=1 TO 19: M$(I)=BU$+M$(I): PRINT M$(I): NEXT I 4400 REM CONTINUE 4410 PRINT BU$;:PRINT"Calculate VELOCITY (V), RADIUS (R), " 4420 PRINT BU$;:PRINT"B FIELD (B), MASS (M), or CHARGE (Q) ":PRINT 4430 PRINT BU$;:INPUT"Enter V, R, B, M or Q (in UPPERCASE) ";PAR$:PRINT 4440 IF PAR$="V" THEN ITY=1: GOTO 4500 4450 IF PAR$="R" THEN ITY=2: GOTO 4500 4460 IF PAR$="B" THEN ITY=3: GOTO 4500 4470 IF PAR$="M" THEN ITY=4: GOTO 4500 4480 IF PAR$="Q" THEN ITY=5: GOTO 4500 4490 PRINT BU$;:PRINT"Enter a V, R, B, M, or Q ! Try Again !": GOTO 4400 4500 REM CONTINUE 4510 PRINT BU$;:PRINT"(Warning, no check for particle velocity > C !)" 4520 PRINT BU$;:PRINT"(Enter all data - type a ZERO (0) if unknown !)":PRINT 4530 PRINT BU$;:INPUT"Enter charge of particle (Joules): ";QX 4540 PRINT BU$;:INPUT"Enter particle velocity (M/Sec): ";VX 4550 PRINT BU$;:INPUT"Enter particle mass (KG): ";MX 4560 PRINT BU$;:INPUT"Enter magnetic field (Tesla): ";BX 4570 PRINT BU$;:INPUT"Enter orbit radius (Meters): ";RX 4580 REM ------------------------ BIG ON GOTO HERE ------------------------- 4590 ON ITY GOTO 4600,4620,4640,4660,4680 4600 REM ------------------------------------- DETERMINE PARTICLE VELOCITY. 4610 VX=(QX*BX*RX)/MX: GOTO 4700 4620 REM ------------------------------------- DETERMINE ORBIT RADIUS. 4630 RX=(VX*MX)/(QX*BX): GOTO 4700 4640 REM ------------------------------------- DETERMINE MAGNETIC FIELD. 4650 BX=(VX*MX)/(QX*RX): GOTO 4700 4660 REM ------------------------------------- DETERMINE MASS. 4670 MX=(QX*BX*RX)/VX: GOTO 4700 4680 REM ------------------------------------- DETERMINE CHARGE. 4690 QX=(VX*MX)/(BX*RX): GOTO 4700 4700 REM CONTINUE ---------------------------- FINISHED SOLVING FORMULAS 4710 RVX=VX/C: RQX=QX/1.60217733D-19: REM CHARGE & VELOCITY RATIO'S 4720 F2$= "-------------------------------------------------------------------" 4730 F3$= "Mass of particle (KG) ="+F1$ 4740 F4$= "Charge of particle (Joules) ="+F1$ 4750 F5$= "Charge of particle (ratio of charge / e-) ="+F1$ 4760 F6$= "Velocity of particle (M/Sec) ="+F1$ 4770 F7$= "Velocity of particle (ratio of velocity / C) ="+F1$ 4780 F8$= "Magnetic field 'B' (Tesla) ="+F1$ 4790 F9$= "Radius of orbit (Meters) ="+F1$ 4800 PRINT BU$;:PRINT F2$ 4810 PRINT BU$;:PRINT USING F3$;MX 4820 PRINT BU$;:PRINT USING F4$;QX 4830 PRINT BU$;:PRINT USING F5$;RQX 4840 PRINT BU$;:PRINT USING F6$;VX 4850 PRINT BU$;:PRINT USING F7$;RVX 4860 PRINT BU$;:PRINT USING F8$;BX 4870 PRINT BU$;:PRINT USING F9$;RX 4880 PRINT:PRINT FR$;:INPUT;CR$ 4890 IF CR$="R" THEN GOTO 4190 4900 CLS 4910 REM CONTINUE 4920 M$(1) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 4930 M$(2) =" Bohr Orbits for a Hydrogen Electron " 4940 M$(3) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 4950 M$(4) =" Balmer series Lyman series Paschen series Brackett series " 4960 M$(5) =" 1 [1 1] 1 [1 1] 1 [1 1] 1 [1 1] " 4970 M$(6) =" -=R[-- - --] -=R[-- - --] -=R[-- - --] -=R[-- - --] " 4980 M$(7) =" L [2^2 n^2] L [1^2 n^2] L [3^2 n^2] L [4^2 n^2] " 4990 M$(8) =" " 5000 M$(9) =" These equations predict the spectral lines of Hydrogen in the " 5010 M$(10)="visible (Balmer), UV (Lyman), ?? (Paschen), & ?? (Brackett). R= " 5020 M$(11)="Rydberg constant = 1.0973732x10^7 m-1 - note that only the deno- " 5030 M$(12)="menator '2^2', etc., determines the wavelengths in these series. " 5040 M$(13)=" " 5050 M$(14)="The electron angular momentum is quantized where it can only be: " 5060 M$(15)="mvr = nh/2pi = n'h/' where 'h/' = 2pi and n = 1, 2, 3, .... " 5070 M$(16)=" " 5080 M$(17)="The energy absorbed/released in an electron jump from i to f is: " 5090 M$(18)="hf = Ei - Ef where i = initial, f = final, h = Planck's constant " 5100 M$(19)="and f = frequency of absorbed/emitted photon (L = wavelength). " 5110 M$(20)=" " 5120 FOR I=1 TO 20: PRINT M$(I): NEXT I: F1$="##.########": F2$="##.####^^^^" 5130 F3$="Computed radius of 1st Bohr orbit for hydrogen = ": F4$=" Meters" 5140 HSL=(9.11D-31)*(.9956625#*C)*(.0529#): REM COMPUTE H/ FROM H/=MVR 5150 REM HSL=1.438490183D-32: REM H/ ABOVE FOR 1ST HYD. E- 5160 PC=PC*(1D+20): P2=2#*PI: H2=(PC/P2)*(PC/P2): EC=EV*(10000000000#) 5170 E2=EC*EC: DE=EM*COU*E2: DE=DE*(HSL*1E+34): R1=H2/DE 5180 PRINT F3$;: PRINT USING F2$;R1;: PRINT F4$ 5190 PRINT FC$;:INPUT;CR$:CLS 5200 M$(1) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 5210 M$(2) =" Bohr Orbits for a Hydrogen Electron (continued) " 5220 M$(3) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 5230 M$(4) ="Computed below are the 1st 10 radii for an excited Hydrogen elec-" 5240 M$(5) ="tron, & the final ionization energy (n = 100,000 or ~~infinity). " 5250 M$(6) =" " 5260 M$(7) =" Orbit Radius Electron jump Total e- jump " 5270 M$(8) =" n (meters) energy (eV) energy (eV) " 5280 M$(9) =" ------ ------------ ------------- ------------- " 5290 F1$ =" ####### ##.####^^^^ ##.####^^^^ ##.####^^^^" 5300 PRINT: PRINT: PRINT: FOR I=1 TO 9: PRINT M$(I): NEXT I 5310 TEV=0: K=.0529*NM: ICK=0 5320 FOR I=1 TO 100000! 5330 ICK=ICK+1 5340 IF ICK=5000 THEN LOCATE 25,10:PRINT"Wait . . ." 5350 IF ICK=10000 THEN LOCATE 25,10:PRINT" ": ICK=0 5360 N=I: N2=N*N 5370 RN=N2*K 5380 EEV=(-13.6/N2) 5390 TEV=TEV+EEV 5400 IF I<11 THEN PRINT USING F1$;I;RN;EEV;TEV 5410 IF I=1000 THEN PRINT USING F1$;I;RN;EEV;TEV 5420 IF I=10000 THEN PRINT USING F1$;I;RN;EEV;TEV 5430 IF I=100000! THEN PRINT USING F1$;I;RN;EEV;TEV 5440 NEXT I 5450 PRINT FC$;:INPUT;CR$:CLS 5460 M$(1) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 5470 M$(2) =" Bohr Orbits for a Hydrogen Electron (continued) " 5480 M$(3) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 5490 M$(4) ="Computed next is the Balmer series for hydrogen. This is the " 5500 M$(5) ="most important part of the spectrum in astronomy. Wavelengths " 5510 M$(6) ="are computed from violet (shortest) to infrared (longest). " 5520 M$(7) =" Orbital Orbital Electron " 5530 M$(8) =" radius radius energy Wavelength Wavelength " 5540 M$(9) =" initial final (eV) Angstroms Name " 5550 M$(10)=" ------- ------- -------- ---------- ---------- " 5560 F1$ =" ### ### ##.#### ######.### & " 5570 FOR I=1 TO 6: PRINT BU$+M$(I): NEXT I: PRINT 5580 PRINT FC$;:INPUT;CR$ 5590 FOR I=7 TO 10: PRINT BU$+M$(I): NEXT I 5600 IM=2: R=10973731.534#: ANG=10000000000# 5610 R=10973731.534#-(2789.5#): REM GIVES CORRECT H-ALPHA 5620 FOR II=20 TO 3 STEP -1 5630 HL$=" H-"+GA$(II-2) 5640 N1=1#/(IM*IM) 5650 N2=1#/(II*II) 5660 EF=13.6/(IM*IM) 5670 EI=13.6/(II*II) 5680 ET=EF-EI 5690 FREQ=R*(N1-N2) 5700 WAVE=FNC((1#/FREQ)*ANG) 5710 PRINT BU$;:PRINT USING F1$;II;IM;ET;WAVE;HL$ 5720 NEXT II 5730 PRINT FC$;:INPUT;CR$:CLS 5740 M$(1) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 5750 M$(2) =" Cerenkov Radiation " 5760 M$(3) ="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 5770 M$(4) ="Light emitted by a high-speed particle when it passes through a " 5780 M$(5) ="transparent material at a speed greater than the speed of light " 5790 M$(6) ="in that material. Light emitted at a fixed angle Theta to the " 5800 M$(7) ="direction of motion: Angle=arc-cosine(light velocity in medium / " 5810 M$(8) ="particle velocity). The emitted light is in the shape of a cone." 5820 M$(9) ="The solved example assumes that the particle loses 10% of its " 5830 M$(10)="velocity THAT IS GREATER THAN LIGHT IN THE MEDIUM for each cal- " 5840 M$(11)="culation. The index of refraction (n) for Lucite is 1.5 & about " 5850 M$(12)="200 photons from 400-800 nm are produced for every mm of travel. " 5860 M$(13)="An electron loses about 1 KeV per cm. Cerenkov radiation is pro-" 5870 M$(14)="duced if the particle's velocity>1/n & it must have a +/- charge." 5880 M$(15)="-----------------------------------------------------------------" 5890 M$(16)=" Vel ratio: " 5900 M$(17)=" particle Index of Cerenkov Cone 2X Cone " 5910 M$(18)=" to light refraction radiation angle angle " 5920 M$(19)=" in medium. in medium. (yes, no) (deg) (deg) " 5930 M$(20)=" ---------- ---------- --------- ------- ------- " 5940 F1$ =" ####.#### ##.#### & ###.### ###.### " 5950 F2$ =" ####.#### ##.#### & " 5960 FOR I=1 TO 15: PRINT BU$+M$(I): NEXT I: PRINT: CC$="-?-" 5970 REM CONTINUE 5980 PRINT BU$;:INPUT"Enter particle speed as a fraction of C : ";PV 5990 PRINT BU$;:INPUT"Enter index of refraction for medium : ";N 6000 LV=1#/N: DEL=(PV-LV)/10# 6010 PRINT:PRINT FC$;:INPUT;CR$:CLS 6020 REM --- CERENKOV FORMULA: COS(THETA)=LV/PV ..OR.. THETA=ACOS(LV/PV) --- 6030 FOR I=16 TO 20: PRINT BU$+M$(I): NEXT I 6040 FOR II=1 TO 12 6050 VR=PV/LV 6060 IF VR<1# THEN CC$="No ": IL=0 6070 IF VR=1# THEN CC$="No ": IL=0 6080 IF VR>1# THEN CC$="Yes": IL=1 6090 IF IL=0 THEN PRINT BU$;:PRINT USING F2$;VR;N;CC$ 6100 IF IL=0 THEN GOTO 6130 6110 THR=FNZ(LV/PV):THD=90#-(THR*RAD):TTH=2#*THD 6120 PRINT BU$;:PRINT USING F1$;VR;N;CC$;THD;TTH 6130 REM CONTINUE 6140 IF CC$="No " THEN GOTO 6170 6150 PV=PV-(DEL-.00001) 6160 NEXT II 6170 REM CONTINUE 6180 PRINT:PRINT FR$;:INPUT;CR$ 6190 IF CR$="R" THEN PRINT: GOTO 5970 6200 CLS 6210 M$(1) ="------------------------------------------------------------------" 6220 M$(2) =" PRIMARY Solar + Galactic Cosmic Rays - Types & Numbers " 6230 M$(3) ="(Solar data = no units; Galactic # = Particles/M^2/Sec-Steradian) " 6240 M$(4) ="------------------------------------------------------------------" 6250 M$(5) =" # of Solar % of Solar # Galactic % Galactic " 6260 M$(6) ="Particle Z Cosmic Rays Cosmic Rays Cosmic Rays Cosmic Rays" 6270 M$(7) ="-------- ------ ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------" 6280 M$(8) =" H 1 1 (10,000)* .9 (98.9)* 1510.00 83.50 " 6290 M$(9) =" He 2 108 97.210 82.04 4.92 " 6300 M$(10)="Li,Be,B 3,4,5 .02 0.018 2.00 0.11 " 6310 M$(11)="C,N,O,F 6,7,8,9 .6,.2,1,.02 1.638 5.60 0.31 " 6320 M$(12)=" Ne 10 .13 0.117 <--/ " 6330 M$(13)=" Na 11 ? ? / " 6340 M$(14)=" Mg 12 .043 0.039 / = 1.88 0.10 " 6350 M$(15)=" Al 13 ? ? / " 6360 M$(16)=" Si 14 .03 0.027 / " 6370 M$(17)=" Var. 15-21 .057 0.051 <--/ " 6380 M$(18)=" e- n/a ? ? 200.00 11.06 " 6390 M$(19)=" *=Solar Storm! " 6400 M$(20)=" ------- ------- ------- ------ " 6410 M$(21)=" Total # & %: 111.10 # 100.000 % 1808.48 # 100.00 % " 6420 FOR I=1 TO 21: PRINT BU$+M$(I): NEXT I 6430 PRINT FC$;:INPUT;CR$:CLS 6440 M$(1) ="------------------------------------------------------------------" 6450 M$(2) =" SECONDARY Cosmic Ray Particles - CURVATURE in Magnetic B Fields " 6460 M$(3) ="------------------------------------------------------------------" 6470 M$(4) ="1: User defines magnetic B field, program computes radius of path." 6480 M$(5) ="2: Uses ONLY + or - charged particles in the main particle table. " 6490 M$(6) ="3: The rest masses are corrected for relativistic velocities. " 6500 M$(7) ="4: Earth's field=.511 Gauss, Chem Lab=~.5-3 Tesla, Nuc Lab=~30 T. " 6510 M$(8) ="5: In Northern regions, B field goes in (down) and + particles " 6520 M$(9) =" circle CCW, and - particles circle CW (in S.: + = CW, - = CCW)." 6530 M$(10)=" The CCW/CW motions are for an observer looking down from above." 6540 M$(11)="6: User can choose KM, M, CM, or MM units for radius of curvature." 6550 M$(12)="------------------------------------------------------------------" 6560 M$(13)=" Table of Particle Velocity (in C) vs. Radius of Curvature (user) " 6570 M$(14)=" 0.99 C 0.90 C 0.50 C 0.10 C 0.01 C " 6580 M$(15)=" Particle Radius Radius Radius Radius Radius " 6590 M$(16)=" -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- " 6600 F1$= "& ##.##^^^^ ##.##^^^^ ##.##^^^^ ##.##^^^^ ##.##^^^^ " 6610 F2$= " ( - means particle circles CW seen from above in N. regions)" 6620 FOR I=1 TO 16: M$(I)=BU$+M$(I): NEXT I: F1$=BU$+F1$ 6630 DIM VP(5): DIM RC(5): REM VELOCITY & RADIUS CURVATURE 6640 DATA 0.99, 0.90, 0.50, 0.10, 0.01 6650 FOR I=1 TO 5: READ VP(I): NEXT I: REM READ PARTICLE VELOCITY ARRAY 6660 REM CONTINUE ----------------------------- COME HERE TO COMPUTE MORE RADII 6670 FOR I=1 TO 12: PRINT M$(I): NEXT I: PRINT 6680 REM CONTINUE 6690 INPUT" Enter magnetic field as Tesla or Gauss (T or G): ";TG$ 6700 IF TG$="t" THEN TG$="T" 6710 IF TG$="g" THEN TG$="G" 6720 IF TG$="T" THEN GOTO 6760 6730 IF TG$="G" THEN GOTO 6760 6740 PRINT:PRINT BU$+"Please enter T or G as field units !" 6750 PRINT:GOTO 6680 6760 REM CONTINUE 6770 REM CONTINUE 6780 INPUT" Use KM, M, CM, or MM for units (KM, M, CM, or MM): ";RC$ 6790 IF RC$="km" THEN RC$="KM" 6800 IF RC$="m" THEN RC$="M" 6810 IF RC$="cm" THEN RC$="CM" 6820 IF RC$="mm" THEN RC$="MM" 6830 IF RC$="KM" THEN GOTO 6890 6840 IF RC$="M" THEN GOTO 6890 6850 IF RC$="CM" THEN GOTO 6890 6860 IF RC$="MM" THEN GOTO 6890 6870 PRINT:PRINT BU$+"Please enter KM, M, CM, or MM as units !" 6880 PRINT:GOTO 6770 6890 REM CONTINUE 6900 IF TG$="T" THEN INPUT" Enter magnetic field (T): ";BX 6910 IF TG$="G" THEN INPUT" Enter magnetic field (G): ";BX 6920 IF TG$="G" THEN BX=BX/10000 6930 PRINT FC$;:INPUT;CR$:CLS 6940 PRINT M$(12): PRINT M$(13): PRINT M$(12) 6950 PRINT" [ Magnetic field (Tesla) = ";BX;"]" 6960 PRINT" [ Magnetic field (Gauss) = ";BX*10000;"]" 6970 PRINT" [ Radius of curvature units = ";RC$;" ]" 6980 PRINT: PRINT M$(14): PRINT M$(15): PRINT M$(16) 6990 FOR II=1 TO IPPI: REM USE ALL + OR - PARTICLES 7000 N$=PNA$(II): REM NAME OF PARTICLE 7010 QX=CHG(II)*EV: REM +/- CHARGE OF PARTICLE, J 7020 IF QX=0 THEN GOTO 7150: REM SKIP IF NO CHARGE 7030 FOR IJ=1 TO 5: REM USE 5 VELOCITIES 7040 B=VP(IJ): REM VEL. OF PARTICLE, C 7050 VX=B*C: REM VEL. OF PARTICLE, M/Sec 7060 MX=MKG(II): REM REST MASS OF PARTICLE, KG 7070 RMX=MX/(SQR(1#-(B*B))): REM RELATIVISTIC MASS, KG 7080 RX=(VX*RMX)/(QX*BX): REM RADIUS OF CURVATURE, M 7090 IF RC$="KM" THEN RX=RX/1000: REM RADIUS OF CURVATURE, KM 7100 IF RC$="CM" THEN RX=RX*100: REM RADIUS OF CURVATURE, CM 7110 IF RC$="MM" THEN RX=RX*1000: REM RADIUS OF CURVATURE, MM 7120 RC(IJ)=RX: REM SAVE IT IN ARRAY 7130 NEXT IJ 7140 PRINT USING F1$;N$;RC(1);RC(2);RC(3);RC(4);RC(5): REM PRINT RC'S 7150 REM CONTINUE 7160 NEXT II 7170 PRINT: PRINT F2$ 7180 PRINT FR$;:INPUT;CR$ 7190 IF CR$="R" THEN CLS: GOTO 6660 7200 REM 7210 STOP 7220 SAVE"ATOM102.BAS",A: REM TYPE RUN (LINE #) TO SAVE 7230 SAVE"A:ATOM102.BAS",A: REM DITTO TO 'A' FLOPPY DISK 7240 END